All veggies other then
**Tomatoes and **mushrooms **Soy products
Grapes -eat just few
Herbal teas
Kale
Kelp
Leaf lettuce
Leeche nuts
Lima beans,
green
Love
Mangoes
Maple syrup- small amount
Melons (all)
Millet*
Molasses*
Mustard
greens
Okra
Onions
Parsley
Parsnips
Peaches
Pears
Peas, green
Peppers
Plums &
prunes
Potatoes* small amount
All fresh and raw fruits,
vegetables, and sprouts,
including those listed
here:
Alfalfa sprouts
Apple cider vinegar
Barley
Apples
Appreciation
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Beans, green
Beets & greens
Berries
Blackberries
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cantaloupe
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Cherries
Collard greens
Cucumbers
Dates
Dulse
Figs
Fresh corn
Fresh, raw juice
Fun
Goat whey
Quinoa*
Radishes
Raisins
Raspberries
Raw, cold-pressed,
Avoid Olive OIL**
flax seed oils
Sun flower seed Oil
Rhubarb

Acid-Forming Foods.

Avoid if it has 3***

Alcohol***
All processed foods
Anger
Barley
Bread, baked (or any)
Cake
Canned fruits and veggies
Cereals (all)
Chickpeas
Chocolate
Cigarettes
Coffee **
Complaining
Cooked grains (except millet and quinoa)
Corn, dried
Cornstarch
***Dairy products
Drugs
***Eggs
Foods cooked with oils
Fruits, glazed or sulfured
Grapefruits
***Ketchup
Honey, raw
Legumes
***Lemons
Lentils
Limes
*****Mushrooms
Meat, fish, birds, shellfish
Mustard, prepared
Nuts, seeds, beans
***** Olive oil all types
Oatmeal
****Oranges
Pasta
Pepper, black
*****Pineapple
****Pitzza
Popcorn
*****Soy products
***Soy beans- fresh
***Salt
Rutabagas
Sauerkraut
***Soda – any type
Crackers
****Soft drinks
Stress
*****Sugar, white and
processed
******Sweeteners, artificial
(Splenda, Equal, Aspartame,
etc.)
***Tea, black & green
Vegetables, overcooked
Vinegar, distilled
*****Vitamin C (made of citric acid)
****Wheat, all forms
******Tomatoes
All items with 2, 3, or 4 stars
need to be avoided at any cost.

A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos “suffering, passion”, and γἰγνομαι (γεν-) gignomai (gen-) “I give birth to” a infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease to its host. There are several substrates and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a host; the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.

The body contains many natural orders of defense against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some “helpful” bacteria present in the human body’s normal flora. However, if the immune system or “good” bacteria is damaged in any way (such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infection.

Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which may have caused the Black Plague, the Variola virus, and the Malaria protozoa) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups. Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination, antibiotics, and fungicide, pathogens continue to threaten human life. Social advances such as food safety, hygiene, and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens.

Not all pathogens are negative. In entomology, pathogens are one of the “Three P’s” (predators, pathogens, and parasitoids) that serve as natural or introduced biological controls to suppress arthropod pest populations.

Below is a list of different types of notable pathogens as categorized by their structural characteristics, and some of their known and predicted effects on infected host (person).

Viral

Pathogenic viruses are mainly those of the families of: Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae. Some notable pathogenic viruses cause: smallpox, influenza, mumps, measles, chickenpox, ebola, and rubella. Viruses typically range between 20-300 nanometers in length.

Bacterial

Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases. The most common bacterial disease is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects about 2 million people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and leprosy. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics. They typically range between 1-5 micrometers in length.

Fungal

Fungi comprise a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes but can cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Fungi are the most common cause of diseases in crops and other plants. Life threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakend immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections due to the fact that fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometer in length.

Prions are infectious pathogens that do not contain nucleic acids. Protein malformations caused by prion infections are implicated in scrape, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

Potency

One hypothesis regarding pathogens states that the longer a pathogen can survive outside of the body, the more dangerous it can be to a potential host. For example, the smallpox virus (variola virus) can survive outside the human body for approximately 885 days. It is also one of the most deadly pathogenic viruses, as it kills between 20-50% of the people it infects. The tuberculosis bacterium kills 1 in 5 of the people it infects, but only survives 244 days outside of its host. However, research into the basis of the ability of pathogens to cause disease provides evidence from multiple and diverse species of the existence of pathogenicity or virulence factors, encoded within the pathogens’ genetic material, that facilitate microbes to cause disease.

In countries that have higher sanitation standards, pathogens cannot survive for as long outside of the human. This is seen as encouragement to mutations to the pathogen which would make it less deadly, as such mutations would allow the pathogen to survive in the host for longer periods of time,

Main article: Transmission (medicine)

One of the primary pathways by which food or water become contaminated is from the release of untreated sewage into a drinking water supply or onto cropland, with the result that people who eat or drink contaminated sources become infected. Even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a sanitary sewer overflow.

Examples of major human pathogens

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis — the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium leprae — the bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
• Yersinia pestis — pneumonic, and the notorious bubonic plagues (aka “Black Death“)
• Rickettsia prowazekii — the etiologic agent of typhus fever
• Bartonella spp.

Spanish influenza virus

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What is vaginitis?
Vaginitis is a term for any infection or inflammation of the vagina.
What are the symptoms of vaginitis?
In general, vaginitis may cause itching, irritation, or abnormal vaginal discharge.

There are a several different kinds of vaginitis, each with their own causes and symptoms:

Candida or “yeast” infections – Yeast infections of the vagina are probably the most familiar form of vaginitis. They occur when too much of the fungus Candida grows in the vagina.

Yeast infections produce a thick, white discharge from the vagina that can look like cottage cheese. The discharge can be watery and often has no smell. Yeast infections usually cause the vagina and vulva (the area outside the vagina) to become itchy and red.

Bacterial vaginosis – Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. It is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that are usually present in the vagina.

Bacterial vaginosis will often cause a thin, milky discharge from the vagina that may have a “fishy” odor. Many women with bacterial vaginosis have no symptoms and only discover they have it during a routine gynecologic exam.

Trichomoniasis – Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a single-cell parasite. It can cause vaginal itching, burning, and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well as burning during urination. Many women with trichomoniasis do not develop any symptoms.

Non-infectious vaginitis – This form of vaginitis is usually caused by an allergic reaction or irritation from vaginal sprays, douches, spermicidal products, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. It can cause burning, itching, or vaginal discharge even if there is no infection.

What are the treatments for vaginitis?

The key to treating vaginitis is knowing which kind you have. The treatment must be specific to the type of vaginitis present.

Yeast infections are usually treated with an anti-yeast cream or suppository placed inside the vagina. A health care provider can write a prescription for most yeast infection treatments.

Although you can also buy medicine to treat yeast infections over-the-counter, it is a good idea to see a health care provider the first time you have symptoms of a yeast infection. Because this medicine will not cure other types of vaginitis, it is important to be sure you actually have a yeast infection before using these treatments.

Bacterial vaginosis is treated with an antibiotic that gets rid of the “bad” bacteria and leaves the “good” bacteria. There is no over-the-counter treatment for bacterial vaginosis, so it is important to see your health care provider for a prescription.

Sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis need to be treated by a health care provider right away. It is important to avoid sexual contact until you have been treated to prevent spreading the infection. A woman’s sexual partner(s) will need treatment as well.

Trichomoniasis and Chlamydia are both treated by antibiotics. Neither genital herpes nor HPV can be cured, but both can be controlled with the help of your health care provider and medications.

Non-infectious vaginitis can be treated by stopping the use of the product that caused the allergic reaction or irritation. Your health care provider may also be able to provide medicated cream to help reduce the symptoms until the reaction goes away.

It is important to remember that each type of vaginitis has a different treatment. Therefore it is very important to see a health care provider to be sure you are using the right treatment for your condition. Also, some kinds of vaginitis have no symptoms so it is important to have regular gynecologic exams.

Can I prevent vaginitis?

There are some things you can do to lower your chances of getting vaginitis.

If you often get yeast infections, you may want to avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture, such as panty hose without a cotton lining, nylon panties, or tight jeans.

Avoid douches and vaginal sprays because they can kill “good” bacteria or cause irritation.

Practicing safe sex can help protect against sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis.

Candida is Fungus

Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs, particularly in immunocompromised patients, affect over 90,000 people a year in the U.S., with a 40-50% mortality.

The DNA of several Candida species have been sequenced.

Antibiotics promote yeast infections, including gastrointestinal candida overgrowth, and penetration of the GI mucosa.

Some practitioners of alternative medicine claim that Candida overgrowth can cause many health problems, including fatigue to weight gain, but traditional doctors reject this.

Candida antarctica is a source of industrially important lipases.

Laboratory characteristics

Grown in the laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans is from Latin meaning ‘whitish’) colonies with a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.^[9] C. albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which help to distinguish it from other Candida species.^[10]

Clinical characteristics

Candida are almost universal on normal adult skin and albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts which cause no disease.

But overgrowth of several species including albicans can cause superficial infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal Candidiasis). Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture wearers. In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications (commonly over-the-counter treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously, candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscess, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs. Large intravenous injections into mice or rabbits result in widespread abscesses in the kidney or elsewhere and death in less than a week.

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by C. albicans after antibiotic therapy usually causes no symptoms and may also result from taking antacids or antihyperacidity drugs.

Species

Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata, which could be because it is frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole antifungals. Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis.

Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit.

Alternative medicine therapies

Many practitioners of alternative medicine use the term Candida to refer to a complex with broad spectrum of symptoms, the majority of which center around gastrointestinal distress, rashes, sore gums and other miscellaneous symptoms. Candida is accorded responsibility for symptoms as specific as hay fever, as vague as “brain fog” and as common as weight gain or flatulence. These symptoms are attributed by some alternative medicine practitioners to the “overgrowth” of intestinal candida albicans, which they claim leads to the spread of the yeast to other parts of the body via the digestive tract and bloodstream.

Use of the term Candida in alternative medicine to describe this complex is unassociated with its use in clinical medicine to refer to the fungus that causes vaginal yeast infections and thrush. This can be confusing for patients. No studies have proved that having intestinal candidiasis causes any symptoms of illness.

To treat what they refer to as Candida, some alternative medicine practitioners have recommended avoiding antibiotics, birth control pills, and foods that are high in sugar or yeast, ostensibly to “eliminate excess yeast” in the body. However, there is little clinically valid evidence that these “candida cleanse” treatments treat intestinal candidiasis effectively, or cure any of the symptoms claimed by the proponents of the hypothesis.

The probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is undergoing much research as of late, demonstrating its ability to diminish levels of Candida in the body. This is hence one of the specific probiotic strains often recommended alongside a more general probiotic, for anyone on a Candida cleanse or Candida diet.

For best result of controling the candida spread: Avoid Sweets, Tomatoes, Any Mushrooms, Citrus and Pineapple.

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This info is to help you understand the very basics of Thyroid function.  Thyroid is one of the most misunderstood organs in the body.

The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. It participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄). These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. T₃ and T₄ are synthesized from both iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior pituitary, which itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus.

The thyroid gets its name from the Greek word for “shield”, after the shape of the related thyroid cartilage. The most common problems of the thyroid gland consist of an overactive thyroid gland, referred to as hyperthyroidism, and an underactive thyroid gland, referred to as hypothyroidism.

Anatomy

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ and is composed of two cone-like lobes or wings, lobus dexter (right lobe) and lobus sinister (left lobe), connected via the isthmus. The organ is situated on the anterior side of the neck, lying against and around the larynx and trachea, reaching posteriorly the oesophagus and carotid sheath. It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence, or ‘Adam’s Apple’), and extends inferiorly to approximately the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. It is difficult to demarcate the gland’s upper and lower border with vertebral levels because it moves position in relation to these during swallowing.

The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, the capsula glandulae thyroidea, composed of an internal and external layer. The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis and posteriorolaterally continuous with the carotid sheath. The gland is covered anteriorly with infrahyoid muscles and laterally with the sternocleidomastoid muscle also known as sternomastoid muscle. On the posterior side, the gland is fixed to the cricoid and tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus muscle by a thickening of the fascia to form the posterior suspensory ligament of Berry.  The thyroid gland’s firm attachment to the underlying trachea is the reason behind its movement with swallowing.  In variable extent, Lalouette’s Pyramid, a pyramidal extension of the thyroid lobe, is present at the most anterior side of the lobe. In this region, the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery pass next to or in the ligament and tubercle.

Between the two layers of the capsule and on the posterior side of the lobes, there are on each side two parathyroid glands.

The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size, and can encompass a cranially extending pyramid lobe (lobus pyramidalis or processus pyramidalis), remnant of the thyroglossal duct. The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands, weighing 2-3 grams in neonates and 18-60 grams in adults, and is increased in pregnancy.

The thyroid is supplied with arterial blood from the superior thyroid artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, and sometimes by the thyroid ima artery, branching directly from the brachiocephalic trunk. The venous blood is drained via superior thyroid veins, draining in the internal jugular vein, and via inferior thyroid veins, draining via the plexus thyroideus impar in the left brachiocephalic vein.

Lymphatic drainage passes frequently the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes and the pre- and parathracheal lymph nodes. The gland is supplied by parasympathetic nerve input from the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Evolution

Thyroid cells phylogenetically derived from primitive iodide-concentrating gastroenteric cells (endostyle) which, during evolution, migrated and specialized in uptake and storage of iodine in follicular cellular structures, also in order to adapt the organisms from iodine-rich sea to iodine-deficient land. Venturi et al. suggested that iodide has an ancestral antioxidant function in all iodide-concentrating cells from primitive algae to more recent vertebrates. In 2008, this ancestral antioxidant action of iodides has been experimentally confirmed by Küpper et al. Since 700 million years ago thyroxine is present in fibrous exoskeletal scleroproteins of the lowest invertebrates (Porifera and Anthozoa), without showing any hormonal action. When some primitive marine chordates started to emerge from the iodine-rich sea and transferred to iodine-deficient fresh water and finally land, their diet became iodine deficient. Therefore, during progressive slow adaptation to terrestrial life, the primitive vertebrates learned to use the primitive thyroxine in order to transport antioxidant iodide into the cells. Therefore, the remaining triiodothyronine (T₃), the real active hormone, became active in the metamorphosis and thermogenesis for a better adaptation of the organisms to terrestrial environment (fresh water, atmosphere, gravity, temperature and diet). In fact, the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine recommended daily allowance of iodine ranges from 150 micrograms /day for adult humans to 290 micrograms /day for lactating mothers. However, the thyroid gland needs no more than 70 micrograms /day to synthesize the requisite daily amounts of T₄ and T₃. These higher recommended daily allowance levels of iodine seem necessary for optimal function of a number of body systems, including lactating breast, gastric mucosa, salivary glands, oral mucosa, thymus, epidermis, choroid plexus and brain,

Embryological development

In the fetus, at 3–4 weeks of gestation, the thyroid gland appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the tuberculum impar and the copula linguae at a point later indicated by the foramen cecum. The thyroid then descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct. Over the next few weeks, it migrates to the base of the neck. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) start being secreted from the fetal hypothalamus and pituitary at 18-20 weeks of gestation, and fetal production of thyroxine (T₄) reach a clinically significant level at 18–20 weeks. Fetal triiodothyronine (T₃) remains low (less than 15 ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50 ng/dL at term. Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism.^[12] However, preterm births can suffer neurodevelopmental disorders due to lack of maternal thyroid hormones due their own thyroid being insufficiently developed to meet their postnatal needs.

The portion of the thyroid containing the parafollicular C cells, those responsible for the production of calcitonin, are derived from the neural crest. This is first seen as the ultimobranchial body, which joins the primordial thyroid gland during its descent to its final location in the anterior neck.

Aberrations in embryological development can cause various forms of thyroid dysgenesis.

Histology

At the microscopic level, there are three primary features of the thyroid:

Disorders

Thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism (abnormally increased activity), hypothyroidism (abnormally decreased activity) and thyroid nodules, which are generally benign thyroid neoplasms, but may be thyroid cancers. All these disorders may give rise to goiter, that is, an enlarged thyroid.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, is the overproduction of the thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄, and is most commonly caused by the development of Graves’ disease,^{[citation needed]} an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid to secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones. The disease can result in the formation of a toxic goiter as a result of thyroid growth in response to a lack of negative feedback mechanisms. It presents with symptoms such as a thyroid goiter, protruding eyes (exopthalmos), palpitations, excess sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, muscle weakness and unusual sensitivity to heat.

Beta blockers are used to decrease symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as increased heart rate, tremors, anxiety and heart palpitations, and anti-thyroid drugs are used to decrease the production of thyroid hormones, in particular, in the case of Graves’ disease. These medications take several months to take full effect and have side-effects such as skin rash or a drop in white blood cell count, which decreases the ability of the body to fight off infections. These drugs involve frequent dosing (often one pill every 8 hours) and often require frequent doctor visits and blood tests to monitor the treatment, and may sometimes lose effectiveness over time. Due to the side-effects^{[clarification needed]} and inconvenience of such drug regimens, some patients choose to undergo radioactive iodine-131 treatment. Radioactive iodine is administered in order to destroy a proportion of or the entire thyroid gland, since the radioactive iodine is selectively taken up by the gland and gradually destroys the cells of the gland. Alternatively, the gland may be partially or entirely removed surgically, though iodine treatment is usually preferred since the surgery is invasive and carries a risk of damage to the parathyroid glands or the nerves controlling the vocal cords. If the entire thyroid gland is removed, hypothyroidism results

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is the underproduction of the thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄. Hypothyroid disorders may occur as a result of congenital thyroid abnormalities (see congenital hypothyroidism), autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency (more likely in poorer countries) or the removal of the thyroid following surgery to treat severe hyperthyroidism and/or thyroid cancer. Typical symptoms are abnormal weight gain, tiredness, baldness, cold intolerance, and bradycardia. Hypothyroidism is treated with hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine, which is typically required for the rest of the patient’s life. Thyroid hormone treatment is given under the care of a physician and may take a few weeks to become effective

Negative feedback mechanisms result in growth of the thyroid gland when thyroid hormones are being produced in sufficiently low quantities as a means of increasing the thyroid output; however, where the hypothyroidism is caused by iodine insufficiency, the thyroid is unable to produce T₃ and T₄ and as a result, the thyroid may continue to grow to form a non-toxic goiter. It is termed non-toxic as it does not produce toxic quantities of thyroid hormones, despite its size

Initial hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism

This is the overproduction of T₃ and T₄ followed by the underproduction of T₃ and T₄. There are two types: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s Disease is an autoimmune disorder whereby the body’s own immune system reacts with the thyroid tissues in an attempt to destroy it. At the beginning, the gland may be overactive, and then becomes underactive as the gland is damaged resulting in too little thyroid hormone production or hypothyroidism. Some patients may experience “swings” in hormone levels that can progress rapidly from hyper-to-hypothyroid (sometimes mistaken as severe moodswings, or even being bipolar, before the proper clinical diagnosis is made). Some patients may experience these “swings” over a longer period of time, over days or weeks or even months. Hashimoto’s is more common in females than males, usually appearing after the age of 30, and tends to run in families meaning it can be seen as a genetic disease. Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis are type 1 diabetes and celiac disease

ostpartum thyroiditis occurs in some females following the birth of a child. After delivery, the gland becomes inflamed and the condition initially presents with overactivity of the gland followed by underactivity. In some cases, the gland may recover with time and resume its functions. In others it may not. The etiology is not always known, but can sometimes be attributed to autoimmunity, such as Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis or Graves’ Disease.

Cancers

Cancers do occur in the thyroid gland and are more common in females.^{[citation needed]} In most cases, the thyroid cancer presents as a painless mass in the neck. It is very unusual for the thyroid cancers to present with symptoms, unless it has been neglected. One may be able to feel a hard nodule in the neck. Diagnosis is made using a needle biopsy and various radiological studies

Non-cancerous nodules

Many individuals may find the presence of thyroid nodules in the neck. The majority of these thyroid nodules are benign (non cancerous). The presence of a thyroid nodule does not mean that one has thyroid disease. Most thyroid nodules do not cause any symptoms, and most are discovered on an incidental examination. Doctors usually perform a needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid to determine the status of the nodules. If the nodule is found to be non-cancerous, no other treatment is required. If the nodule is suspicious then surgery is recommended..

Other disorders

• Limited research shows that seasonal allergies may trigger episodes of hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
• A ectopic thyroid is an entire or parts of the thyroid located in another part of the body than what is the usual case.

Physiology

The primary function of the thyroid is production of the hormones triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), and calcitonin. Up to 80% of the T₄ is converted to T₃ by peripheral organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen. T₃ is several times more powerful than T₄, which is largely a prohormone, perhaps four or even ten times more active

T₃ and T₄ production and action

The system of the thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄

Thyroxine (T₄) is synthesised by the follicular cells from free tyrosine and on the tyrosine residues of the protein called thyroglobulin (Tg). Iodine is captured with the “iodine trap” by the hydrogen peroxide generated by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO  and linked to the 3′ and 5′ sites of the benzene ring of the tyrosine residues on Tg, and on free tyrosine. Upon stimulation by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the follicular cells reabsorb Tg and cleave the iodinated tyrosines from Tg in lysosomes, forming T₄ and T₃ (in T₃, one iodine atom is absent compared to T₄), and releasing them into the blood. Deiodinase enzymes convert T₄ to T₃ Thyroid hormone secreted from the gland is about 80-90% T₄ and about 10-20% T₃

Cells of the developing brain are a major target for the thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄. Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial role in brain maturation during fetal development  A transport protein that seems to be important for T₄ transport across the blood-brain barrier (OATP1C1) has been identified. A second transport protein (MCT8) is important for T₃ transport across brain cell membranes

Non-genomic actions of T₄ are those that are not initiated by liganding of the hormone to intranuclear thyroid receptor. These may begin at the plasma membrane or within cytoplasm. Plasma membrane-initiated actions begin at a receptor on the integrin alphaV beta3 that activates ERK1/2. This binding culminates in local membrane actions on ion transport systems such as the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger or complex cellular events including cell proliferation. These integrins are concentrated on cells of the vasculature and on some types of tumor cells, which in part explains the proangiogenic effects of iodothyronines and proliferative actions of thyroid hormone on some cancers including gliomas. T₄ also acts on the mitochondrial genome via imported isoforms of nuclear thyroid receptors to affect several mitochondrial transcription factors. Regulation of actin polymerization by T₄ is critical to cell migration in neurons and glial cells and is important to brain development.

T₃ can activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by a mechanism that may be cytoplasmic in origin or may begin at integrin alpha V beta3.

In the blood, T₄ and T₃ are partially bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, and albumin. Only a very small fraction of the circulating hormone is free (unbound) – T₄ 0.03% and T₃ 0.3%. Only the free fraction has hormonal activity. As with the steroid hormones and retinoic acid, thyroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors (α₁, α₂, β₁ and β₂), which act alone, in pairs or together with the retinoid X-receptor as transcription factors to modulate DNA transcription[1].

T₃ and T₄ regulation

The production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the anterior pituitary. The thyroid and thyrotropes form a negative feedback loop: TSH production is suppressed when the T₄ levels are high. The TSH production itself is modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted at an increased rate in situations such as cold exposure (to stimulate thermogenesis). TSH production is blunted by somatostatin (SRIH), rising levels of glucocorticoids and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), and excessively high blood iodide concentration.

An additional hormone produced by the thyroid contributes to the regulation of blood calcium levels. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia. Calcitonin stimulates movement of calcium into bone, in opposition to the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, calcitonin seems far less essential than PTH, as calcium metabolism remains clinically normal after removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy), but not the parathyroids.

Thyroid function tests

• μU/ml = mU/l, microunit per milliliter
• ng/dl, nanograms per deciliter
• μg, micrograms
• pg/d, picograms per day
• μIU/ml = mIU/l, micro-international unit per milliliter
• See [2] for more information on medical units of measure

Significance of iodine

In areas of the world where iodine is lacking in the diet the thyroid gland can become considerably enlarged, a condition called endemic goiter. Pregnant women on a diet that is severely deficient of iodine can give birth to infants who can present with thyroid hormone deficiency (congenital hypothyroidism), manifesting in problems of physical growth and development as well as brain development (a condition referred to as endemic cretinism). In many developed countries, newborns are routinely tested for congenital hypothyroidism as part of newborn screening. Children with congenital hypothyroidism are treated supplementally with levothyroxine, which facilitates normal growth and development.

Thyroxine is critical to the regulation of metabolism and growth throughout the animal kingdom. Among amphibians, for example, administering a thyroid-blocking agent such as propylthiouracil (PTU) can prevent tadpoles from metamorphosing into frogs; in contrast, administering thyroxine will trigger metamorphosis.

Because the thyroid concentrates this element, it also concentrates the various radioactive isotopes of iodine produced by nuclear fission. In the event of large accidental releases of such material into the environment, the uptake of radioactive iodine isotopes by the thyroid can, in theory, be blocked by saturating the uptake mechanism with a large surplus of non-radioactive iodine, taken in the form of potassium iodide tablets. One consequence of the Chernobyl disaster was an increase in thyroid cancers in children in the years following the accident.

The use of iodised salt is an efficient way to add iodine to the diet. It has eliminated endemic cretinism in most developed countries, and some governments have made the iodination of flour, cooking oil, and salt mandatory. Potassium iodide and sodium iodide are typically used forms of supplemental iodine.

As with most substances, either too much or too little can cause problems. Recent studies on some populations are showing that excess iodine intake could cause an increased prevelence of autoimmune thyroid disease, resulting in permanent hypothyroidism[edit] History

In animals

The thyroid gland is found in all vertebrates. In fish, it is, in general, located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyesIn tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands – that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other speciesIn larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva’s filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine).

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From: Dr. Mercola News letter.
Washing your hands is your number one protection against the acquisition and spread of infectious disease. But you do not need to use antimicrobial soap to get the job done.  Studies have shown that people who use antibacterial soaps and cleansers develop a cough, runny nose, sore throat, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms just as often as people who use regular soaps.

Part of the reason for this is because most of these symptoms are actually caused by viruses, which antibacterial soaps can’t kill. 

But even for symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea, which may be caused by bacteria, those who used regular soaps still had no greater risk than those who used antibacterial products. So, the rational conclusion is antibacterial soaps are completely unnecessary for the purpose of washing away bacteria.

A 2007 systematic review published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases confirmed that antibacterial soap containing triclosan did not provide any additional benefit compared with a non-antibacterial soap. 

The authors concluded:

“The lack of an additional health benefit associated with the use of triclosan-containing consumer soaps over regular soap, coupled with laboratory data demonstrating a potential risk of selecting for drug resistance, warrants further evaluation by governmental regulators regarding antibacterial product claims and advertising.”

There have been no changes made to the claims products are allowed to make, or how they’re allowed to advertise these products, but why wait for federal regulation that may or may not come?  It’s been repeatedly shown that washing your hands with plain soap and water can kill germs that cause:

• The common cold
• Influenza
• Pneumonia
• Hepatitis A
• Acute gastroenteritis
• Stomach infections such as salmonella, campylobacter and norovirus
• Other contagious illnesses and surgical wound complications, including MRSA

Proper Hand Washing Technique

However, it’s important to use proper hand washing technique. To make sure you’re actually removing the germs when you wash your hands, follow these guidelines:

1. Use warm water
2. Use a mild soap
3. Work up a good lather, all the way up to your wrists, for at least 20 seconds
4. Make sure you cover all surfaces, including the backs of your hands, wrists, between your fingers, and around and below your fingernails
5. Rinse thoroughly under running water
6. Dry your hands with a clean towel or let them air dry
7. In public places, use a paper towel to open the door as a protection from germs that the handles may harbor

Also remember that your skin is actually your primary defense against bacteria, not the soap, so resist the urge to become obsessive about washing your hands. Over-washing can easily reduce the protective oils in your skin (especially in the winter and dry dessert environments)  and cause your skin to crack—offering easy entry for bacteria and viruses into your body.

Instead, simply wash your hands when they look dirty, and prior to, or after, performing certain tasks that could spread infection, such as in these instances:

• Before and after preparing food, especially when handling raw meat and poultry
• Before eating
• Before and after treating wounds or taking/giving medicine
• Before touching a sick or injured person
• Before inserting contact lenses
• After using the toilet or changing a diaper
• After touching an animal, its toys, leashes, or waste
• After blowing your nose or coughing/sneezing into your hands
• After handling garbage or potentially contaminated waste

Antibacterial Products Pose Several Health Risks

Once you understand that good-old-fashioned soap and water are just as effective as modern antibacterials, the second issue becomes that of side effects. Traditional soap will not harm your health, other than perhaps dry your skin if used too frequently, whereas antibacterial products like triclosan comes with an array of potentially dangerous side effects.

In a recent press release, Dr. Sarah Janssen of the Natural Resources Defense Council is quoted as saying:

“It’s about time FDA has finally stated its concerns about antibacterial chemicals like triclosan.

The public deserves to know that these so-called antibacterial products are no more effective in preventing infections than regular soap and water and may, in fact, be dangerous to their health in the long run.”

This truth may be tough to swallow for some people because of highly successful advertising, but it’s true nonetheless. Please understand that the idea that “clean” equals sterile is not based in reality. A massive, highly profitable market has been created based on the premise that germs must be eradicated and that they’re hard to kill.

As a result, many, particularly the younger generations, have been brainwashed into believing that regular soap isn’t good enough; you need that “magic ingredient” that will ensure your safety and cleanliness. Unfortunately, you’re just paying extra for the privilege of having been hoodwinked by slick advertising.

You’re also paying more while putting your health at risk in a number of ways, including:

1. Contributing to the creation of hardier, more resistant bacterial strains. The antimicrobial triclosan, for example, is known to promote the growth of resistant bacteria. Even the American Medical Association (AMA) does not recommend antibacterial soaps for this very reason.
2. Adding to your body’s toxic burden.
3. Triclosan, the active ingredient in most antibacterial soap, not only kills bacteria, it also has been shown to kill human cells, and has been shown to act as an endocrine disrupter.
4. In addition, these products kill both bad AND good bacteria, which is another explanation for how they contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and potentially also to allergic diseases like asthma and hay fever.
5. A child raised in an environment devoid of dirt and germs, and who is given antibiotics that kill off all of the good and bad bacteria in his gut, is not able to build up natural resistance to disease, and becomes vulnerable to illnesses later in life. This theory, known as the hygiene hypothesis, is likely one reason why many allergies and immune-system diseases have doubled, tripled or even quadrupled in the last few decades.

Antibacterial Soap Mixed with Chlorinated Water is a Dangerous Mix

As if that wasn’t enough, when triclosan mixes with the chlorine in your tap water, chloroform is formed, which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified as a probable human carcinogen. I warned about this compounding danger over five years ago. 

In tests that closely mirror typical dishwashing habits and conditions, researchers have found that triclosan reacts with free chlorine to generate more than 50 parts per billion (ppb) of chloroform in your dishwater. And, when combined with other disinfection byproducts (DBPs), the additional chloroform could easily drive the concentration of total trihalomethanes above the EPA’s maximum allowable amount.

As I’ve discussed before, trihalomethanes are some of the most dangerous chemical byproducts there are. The maximum annual average of THMs in your local water supply cannot exceed 80 ppb (parts-per-billion), but there really is no “safe” level of these chemicals.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are Cancer Group B carcinogens, meaning they’ve been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Disinfection byproducts (DPBs) have also been linked to reproductive problems in both animals and humans.

Furthermore, once these antimicrobial chemicals flow down your drain, they contaminate the environment and become part of the food chain. Researchers have determined that about 75 percent of another popular antimicrobial, triclocarban (TCC), resists water treatments meant to break it down and ends up in surface water and in municipal sludge used as fertilizer.

TCC is also known to cause cancer and reproductive problems.

So, the release of antimicrobials into the environment is yet another way that these products contribute to the increase in resistance of pathogens to clinical antibiotics.

Why Use Something that Has NO Clear Health Benefits and Plenty of Health Hazards?

The research clearly shows that you do not need antimicrobial soap to effectively protect yourself from germs. All you need is plain soap and warm water. Ditto for your dishes and your laundry.

So please, avoid using antibacterial soaps and other products containing these hazardous ingredients. They’re just harming you, the environment, and adding to a significant public health problem. They also cost more.

Instead, just use a gentle, chemical-free soap. Local health food stores typically carry a variety of natural soaps that will do the trick without harsh chemicals.

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1. Stress level exceeds your capacity to manage it.

2. Feel your world is spinning faster than you.

3. Lack of energy; use of supplements to compensate.

4. Aging faster than your chronological age.

5. Cold symptoms that last longer than a week.

6. Productivity is diminishing. Taking too many sick days.

7. Socially withdrawn (no social life).

8. Addiction becomes your default mode.

9. Feel you do not have much time to live.

10. Friends are dying all around you.

11. Don’t sleep well.

12. Your pet dog or cat are sick or dying.

13. Excess weight is very hard to shed.

14. You visit therapists too often.

15. Your standard conversation is about lack, limitation, illness and medication.

Having your employees on the QRPS and enhancing their life force individually and collectively is a dream for the employer. The Quantum Prayer System is the best investment for the future of any business. Think of it as a back-up plan more important than, and operating above your medical insurance.  It is a fraction of the cost of the health insurance. This can be the best addition for creating a cohesive and harmonious working environment at the work place and in the community at large. This program is not only for the sick and the disable or those with health issues. Life-force is the gift we all have as humans which is the main source of life. Raising it is the most important action one can take for his or her life.

The Quantum Prayer System is the most advanced application of prayer technology. An advanced version of the ancient Tibetan prayer wheel, which is spun manually in your name, the QRPS generates millions of prayers per minute in your name, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. These prayers, broadcast directly to the individual on the program, can help raise the life-vitality level (life force, chi) of the participant, creating newfound conditions for the body to heal itself with less resistance to change. For more information, see Healing Prayer. The QRPS uses fractals, advanced mathematics, very sophisticated algorithms and prayer symbolism.

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