All veggies other then
**Tomatoes and **mushrooms **Soy products
Grapes -eat just few
Herbal teas
Kale
Kelp
Leaf lettuce
Leeche nuts
Lima beans,
green
Love
Mangoes
Maple syrup- small amount
Melons (all)
Millet*
Molasses*
Mustard
greens
Okra
Onions
Parsley
Parsnips
Peaches
Pears
Peas, green
Peppers
Plums &
prunes
Potatoes* small amount
All fresh and raw fruits,
vegetables, and sprouts,
including those listed
here:
Alfalfa sprouts
Apple cider vinegar
Barley
Apples
Appreciation
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Beans, green
Beets & greens
Berries
Blackberries
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cantaloupe
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Cherries
Collard greens
Cucumbers
Dates
Dulse
Figs
Fresh corn
Fresh, raw juice
Fun
Goat whey
Quinoa*
Radishes
Raisins
Raspberries
Raw, cold-pressed,
Avoid Olive OIL**
flax seed oils
Sun flower seed Oil
Rhubarb

Acid-Forming Foods.

Avoid if it has 3***

Alcohol***
All processed foods
Anger
Barley
Bread, baked (or any)
Cake
Canned fruits and veggies
Cereals (all)
Chickpeas
Chocolate
Cigarettes
Coffee **
Complaining
Cooked grains (except millet and quinoa)
Corn, dried
Cornstarch
***Dairy products
Drugs
***Eggs
Foods cooked with oils
Fruits, glazed or sulfured
Grapefruits
***Ketchup
Honey, raw
Legumes
***Lemons
Lentils
Limes
*****Mushrooms
Meat, fish, birds, shellfish
Mustard, prepared
Nuts, seeds, beans
***** Olive oil all types
Oatmeal
****Oranges
Pasta
Pepper, black
*****Pineapple
****Pitzza
Popcorn
*****Soy products
***Soy beans- fresh
***Salt
Rutabagas
Sauerkraut
***Soda – any type
Crackers
****Soft drinks
Stress
*****Sugar, white and
processed
******Sweeteners, artificial
(Splenda, Equal, Aspartame,
etc.)
***Tea, black & green
Vegetables, overcooked
Vinegar, distilled
*****Vitamin C (made of citric acid)
****Wheat, all forms
******Tomatoes
All items with 2, 3, or 4 stars
need to be avoided at any cost.

Ingredients and amounts

-        Fresh squeezed organic lemon juice : 2 TBSP (the lemon should preferably be ORGANIC )

-        Organic maple syrup :   1 or 2 TBSP (preferably grade A )

-        Organic Cayenne pepper :    1/8  of a ¼ TSP

-        Filtered or spring water :  12 OZ

Mix all the above, and drink slowly.

Tips

+ The amount of maple syrup is optional. U can reduce the amount, but DO NOT OVER DO it.

+ The amount of lemon on the other hand cannot be increased or reduced. 2 TBSP is the amount, and it is very important to stick with it.

+ The same is for water. It is important to mix the above ingredients with 12 OZ of water.

+ u can drink as many glasses as u like. Basically whenever u feel hungry u can make a new glass, and drink it. But each time u need to make a portion with the amount mentioned above.

How long should u do the cleanse?

The minimum time is 11 days, but u can continue doing it for weeks or even months. The longest time someone has done it is 18 months.

Tip

+ DO NOT STOP BEFORE 11 DAYS, since it will create difficulties for the body, and will make u sick.

Other sweeteners ?

The only sweetener that is allowed during this cleanse is MAPLE SYRUP. No sugar, no honey, no molasses, no agave, no apple juice, no stevia. Just MAPLE SYRUP.

Preparation

To have a more effective and pleasant experience it’s better to prepare ur body, so u will not go through a deep emotional experience or either physical discomfort. So lighten up your diet and food intake a few weeks before u start ur cleanse. By doing this u will prepare ur body not only emotionally, but also, physically. Ur stomach will be empty, and will make it easier for the body to go through the cleansing process.

Laxative teas, Sea Salt mixture, other Herbal Teas, and Water

During the time of the cleanse u can drink laxative teas, drink herbal teas, and water.

Vitamin, Mineral, and Supplements

No. Let the body does its job to go back to its natural way of being. It knows what to do, and does not need anything.

Other Foods

No. The only food is the lemonade that u make urself. Do not cheat. U will not need any other food. U r getting all u need by being on this diet.  And u will have more energy and clarity than u have ever had before.

Exercise

Yes. 30 min of cardio exercise. Also, body movement. Practices such as yoga, tai chi and chi gung, five Tibetan rites, walking, deep, connected breathing are all effective to keep u on track, feel good, and not lose ur faith while doing the cleanse.

Ending the cleanse

To end the cleanse, and go back to ur regular diet it is very important to be patience. If u decide to end ur cleanse after 11 days u need to start drinking apple juice for 3 days. Just drink the juice and water. Nothing else. After 3 days, start with soups. Then introduce some solid fruits and veggies to ur body, and stay on that for a few days. And little by little add some cooked food to ur diet.

Follow the guideline exactly, and u will have a pleasant experience.

Typically, the less processed and heat-treated the food is, the more nutritious and healthier it is going to be.

Nevertheless, most people prefer to cook their food, at least occasionally. When you do, you’re going to cook with some form of oil.

The question is, what’s the best, healthiest type of oil to use when cooking?

Dr. Rudi Moerck has studied oils for a long time, and offers some intriguing insights in this interview.

Cooking with Tropical Oils – Your Healthiest Alternative

I have, for many years now, recommended coconut oil on the basis and the supposition that it doesn’t contain much unsaturated fat. As a result, it’s not going to be damaged by heat and create trans fats like some other oils. (Another tropical oil that is very similar is palm oil.)

Dr. Moerck agrees, saying:

“I would say that coconut oil is okay to cook with. It’s a saturated fat.  Your body will burn it as fuel or it will get rid of it some other way. It won’t store it in your body.. So from that point of view, if you’re going to use oil then that’s a good one to use.”

Interestingly, unlike carbohydrates, which can also deliver quick energy to your body, coconut oil does this without producing an insulin spike. Yes, it acts like a carbohydrate, but without any of the debilitating insulin-related effects associated with long-term high carbohydrate consumption.

But that’s merely the beginning.

Earlier this week I published an entire special report on the health benefits of coconut oil, which include:

• Promoting heart health
• Promoting weight loss, when needed
• Supporting your immune system health
• Supporting a healthy metabolism
• Providing you with an immediate energy source
• Keeping your skin healthy and youthful looking
• Supporting the proper functioning of your thyroid gland

Part of what makes coconut oil such a healthful oil for cooking is that 50 percent of the fat content in coconut oil is a fat rarely found in nature called lauric acid.  This is also one of the features that distinguishes coconut oil from other saturated fats.

Your body converts lauric acid into monolaurin, which has potent anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-protozoa properties.

In addition, coconut oil is about 2/3 medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), also called medium-chain triglycerides or MCTs.  These types of fatty acids also produce a host of health benefits.

Best of all, coconut oil is stable enough to resist heat-induced damage, which you cannot say for other oils. In fact, it’s so stable you can even use if for frying (although I don’t recommend frying your food for a number of health reasons).

I recommend using coconut oil in lieu of every other oil, whether your recipe calls for butter, olive oil, vegetable oil or margarine.

Important, New Information about Olive Oil

Extra-virgin olive oil is a good monounsaturated fat that is also well-known for its health benefits. It’s a staple in healthful diets such as Mediterranean-style diets.

However, it’s important to realize it is NOT good for cooking. It should really only be used cold, typically drizzled on salads and other food.

Due to its chemical structure and a large amount of unsaturated fats, cooking makes extra-virgin olive oil very susceptible to oxidative damage. However, during this interview I learned that extra-virgin olive oil has a significant draw-back even when used cold – it’s still extremely perishable!

As it turns out, extra-virgin olive oil contains chlorophyll that accelerates decomposition and makes the oil go rancid rather quickly.

In fact, Dr. Moerck actually prefers using almost tasteless, semi-refined olive oil rather than extra-virgin olive oil for this reason.

If you’re like most people, you’re probably leaving your bottle of olive oil right on the counter, opening and closing it multiple times a week. Remember, any time the oil is exposed to air and/or light, it oxidizes, and as it turns out, the chlorophyll in extra virgin olive oil accelerates the oxidation of the unsaturated fats.

Clearly, consuming spoiled oil (of any kind) will likely do more harm than good.

To protect the oil, Dr. Moerck recommends treating it with the same care as you would other sensitive omega-3 oils:

• Keep in a cool, dark place
• Purchase smaller bottles rather than larger to ensure freshness
• Immediately replace the cap after each pour

To help protect extra virgin olive oil from oxidation, Dr. Moerck suggests putting one drop of astaxanthin into the bottle. You can purchase astaxanthin, which is an extremely potent antioxidant, in soft gel capsules. Just prick it with a pin and squeeze the capsule into the oil.

The beautiful thing about using astaxanthin instead of another antioxidant such as vitamin E, is that it is naturally red, whereas vitamin E is colorless, so you can tell the oil still has astaxanthin in it by its color.

As the olive oil starts to pale in color, you know it’s time to throw it away.

You can also use one drop of lutein in your olive oil. Lutein imparts an orange color and will also protect against oxidation. Again, once the orange color fades, your oil is no longer protected against rancidity and should be tossed.

This method is yet another reason for buying SMALL bottles. If you have a large bottle, you may be tempted to keep it even though it has begun to oxidize.

The Worst Cooking Oils of All

Polyunsaturated fats are the absolute WORST oils to use when cooking because these omega-6-rich oils are highly susceptible to heat damage.

This category includes common vegetable oils such as:

• Corn
• Soy
• Safflower
• Canola

Damaged omega-6 fats are disastrous to your health, and are responsible for far more health problems than saturated fats ever were.

Trans fat is the artery-clogging, highly damaged omega-6 polyunsaturated fat that is formed when vegetable oils are hardened into margarine or shortening.

I strongly recommend never using margarine or shortening when cooking. I guarantee you you’re already getting far too much of this damaging fat if you consume any kind of processed foods, whether it be potato chips, pre-made cookies, or microwave dinners…

Trans fat is the most consumed type of fat in the US, despite the fact that there is no safe level of trans fat consumption, according to a report from the Institute of Medicine.

Trans fat raises your LDL (bad cholesterol) levels while lowering your HDL (good cholesterol) levels, which of course is the complete opposite of what you want. In fact, trans fats – as opposed to saturated fats — have been repeatedly linked to heart disease. They can also cause major clogging of your arteries, type 2 diabetes and other serious health problems.

Personally I don’t cook very much but when I do I use our Pure Virgin Coconut Oil as it is the most resistant to heating damage, but also a great source of medium chained triglycerides and lauric acid.

So, cleaning these oils out of your kitchen cupboard is definitely recommended if you value your health.

A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos “suffering, passion”, and γἰγνομαι (γεν-) gignomai (gen-) “I give birth to” a infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease to its host. There are several substrates and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a host; the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.

The body contains many natural orders of defense against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some “helpful” bacteria present in the human body’s normal flora. However, if the immune system or “good” bacteria is damaged in any way (such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infection.

Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which may have caused the Black Plague, the Variola virus, and the Malaria protozoa) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups. Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination, antibiotics, and fungicide, pathogens continue to threaten human life. Social advances such as food safety, hygiene, and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens.

Not all pathogens are negative. In entomology, pathogens are one of the “Three P’s” (predators, pathogens, and parasitoids) that serve as natural or introduced biological controls to suppress arthropod pest populations.

Below is a list of different types of notable pathogens as categorized by their structural characteristics, and some of their known and predicted effects on infected host (person).

Viral

Pathogenic viruses are mainly those of the families of: Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae. Some notable pathogenic viruses cause: smallpox, influenza, mumps, measles, chickenpox, ebola, and rubella. Viruses typically range between 20-300 nanometers in length.

Bacterial

Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases. The most common bacterial disease is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects about 2 million people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and leprosy. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics. They typically range between 1-5 micrometers in length.

Fungal

Fungi comprise a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes but can cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Fungi are the most common cause of diseases in crops and other plants. Life threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakend immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections due to the fact that fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometer in length.

Prions are infectious pathogens that do not contain nucleic acids. Protein malformations caused by prion infections are implicated in scrape, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

Potency

One hypothesis regarding pathogens states that the longer a pathogen can survive outside of the body, the more dangerous it can be to a potential host. For example, the smallpox virus (variola virus) can survive outside the human body for approximately 885 days. It is also one of the most deadly pathogenic viruses, as it kills between 20-50% of the people it infects. The tuberculosis bacterium kills 1 in 5 of the people it infects, but only survives 244 days outside of its host. However, research into the basis of the ability of pathogens to cause disease provides evidence from multiple and diverse species of the existence of pathogenicity or virulence factors, encoded within the pathogens’ genetic material, that facilitate microbes to cause disease.

In countries that have higher sanitation standards, pathogens cannot survive for as long outside of the human. This is seen as encouragement to mutations to the pathogen which would make it less deadly, as such mutations would allow the pathogen to survive in the host for longer periods of time,

Main article: Transmission (medicine)

One of the primary pathways by which food or water become contaminated is from the release of untreated sewage into a drinking water supply or onto cropland, with the result that people who eat or drink contaminated sources become infected. Even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a sanitary sewer overflow.

Examples of major human pathogens

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis — the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium leprae — the bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
• Yersinia pestis — pneumonic, and the notorious bubonic plagues (aka “Black Death“)
• Rickettsia prowazekii — the etiologic agent of typhus fever
• Bartonella spp.

Spanish influenza virus

** There is a lot of misunderstanding and fear regarding prostate problems. From the holistic view, prostate issues are an adhesion/fungus growth cause by Acidic conditions and lack of movement of urogenital era.

The prostate literally mean “one who stands before”, “protector”, “guardian” is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.

In 2002, female paraurethral glands, or Skene’s glands, were officially renamed the female prostate by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

The prostate differs considerably among species anatomically, chemically, and physiologically.

Function

The function of the prostate is to store and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 20-30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid. The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm. The alkalinization of semen is primarily accomplished through secretion from the seminal vesicles. The prostatic fluid is expelled in the first ejaculate fractions, together with most of the spermatozoa. In comparison with the few spermatozoa expelled together with mainly seminal vesicular fluid, those expelled in prostatic fluid have better motility, longer survival and better protection of the genetic material (DNA).

The prostate also contains some smooth muscles that help expel semen during ejaculation.

Secretions

Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline.

In human prostatic secretions, the protein content is less than 1% and includes proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid phosphatase, and prostate-specific antigen. The secretions also contain zinc with a concentration 500-1,000 times the concentration in blood.

Regulation

To work properly, the prostate needs male hormones (androgens), which are responsible for male sex characteristics.

The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. Some male hormones are produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands. However, it is dihydrotestosterone that regulates the prostate.

Development

The prostatic part of the urethra develops from the pelvic (middle) part of the urogenital sinus (endodermal origin). Endodermal outgrowths arise from the prostatic part of the urethra and grow into the surrounding mesenchyme. The glandular epithelium of the prostate differentiates from these endodermal cells, and the associated mesenchyme differentiates into the dense stroma and the smooth muscle of the prostate. The prostate glands represent the modified wall of the proximal portion of the male urethra and arises by the 9th week of embryonic life in the development of the reproductive system. Condensation of mesenchyme, urethra and Wolffian ducts gives rise to the adult prostate gland, a composite organ made up of several glandular and non-glandular components tightly fused within a common capsule.

Female prostate gland

The Skene’s gland, also known as the paraurethral gland, found in females, is homologous to the prostate gland in males. However, evolutionarily, the uterus is in the same position as the prostate gland. In 2002 the Skene’s gland was officially renamed the prostate by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

The female prostate, like the male prostate, secretes PSA and levels of this antigen rise in the presence of carcinoma of the gland. The gland also expels fluid, like the male prostate, during orgasm.

Structure

Micrograph of benign prostatic glands with corpora amylacea. H&E stain.

Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by Medical ultrasonography technique

A healthy human prostate is classically said to be slightly larger than a walnut. In actuality, it is approximately the size of a kiwifruit. The mean weight of the “normal” prostate in adult males is about 11 grams, usually ranging between 7 and 16 grams. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder and can be felt during a rectal exam. It is the only exocrine organ located in the midline in humans and similar animals.

The ducts are lined with transitional epithelium.

Within the prostate, the urethra coming from the bladder is called the prostatic urethra and merges with the two ejaculatory ducts. The prostate is sheathed in the muscles of the pelvic floor, which contract during the ejaculatory process.

The prostate can be divided in two ways: by zone, or by lobe.

The “zone” classification is more often used in pathology. The idea of “zones” was first proposed by McNeal in 1968. McNeal found that the relatively homogeneous cut surface of an adult prostate in no way resembled “lobes” and thus led to the description of “zones.”

The prostate gland has four distinct glandular regions, two of which arise from different segments of the prostatic urethra:

Prostate with a large median lobe bulging upwards. A metal instrument is placed in the urethra which passes through the prostate. This specimen was almost 7 centimeters long with a volume of about 60 cubic centimetres on transrectal ultrasound and was removed during a Hryntschak procedure or transvesical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate through the bladder) for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The “lobe” classification is more often used in anatomy.

Prostatitis

Micrograph showing an inflamed prostate gland, the histologic correlate of prostatitis. A normal non-inflamed prostatic gland is seen on the left of the image. H&E stain.

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. There are primarily four different forms of prostatitis, each with different causes and outcomes. Two relatively uncommon forms, acute prostatitis and chronic bacterial prostatitis, are treated with antibiotics (category I and II, respectively). Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis or male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category III), which comprises about 95% of prostatitis diagnoses, is treated by a large variety of modalities including alpha blockers, phytotherapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, antihistamines, anxiolytics, nerve modulators, surgery, and more. More recently, a combination of trigger point and psychological therapy has proved effective for category III prostatitis as well. Category IV prostatitis, relatively uncommon in the general population, is a type of leukocytosis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in older men; the prostate often enlarges to the point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to urinate often (frequency) or taking a while to get started (hesitancy). If the prostate grows too large, it may constrict the urethra and impede the flow of urine, making urination difficult and painful and, in extreme cases, completely impossible.

BPH can be treated with medication, a minimally invasive procedure or, in extreme cases, surgery that removes the prostate. Minimally invasive procedures include Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) and Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT). These outpatient procedures may be followed by the insertion of a temporary Prostatic stent, to allow normal voluntary urination, without exacerbating irritative symptoms.

The surgery most often used in such cases is called transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP or TUR). In TURP, an instrument is inserted through the urethra to remove prostate tissue that is pressing against the upper part of the urethra and restricting the flow of urine. TURP results in the removal of mostly transitional zone tissue in a patient with BPH. Older men often have corpora amylacea (myeloid), dense accumulations of calcified proteinaceous material, in the ducts of their prostates. The corpora amylacea may obstruct the lumens of the prostatic ducts, and may underlie some cases of BPH.

Urinary frequency due to bladder spasm, common in older men, may be confused with prostatic hyperplasia. Statistical observations suggest that a diet low in fat and red meat and high in protein and vegetables, as well as regular alcohol consumption, could protect against BPH.

Prostate cancer

Micrograph showing normal prostatic glands and glands of prostate cancer (prostate adenocarcinoma) – right upper aspect of image. HPS stain. Prostate biopsy.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting older men in developed countries and a significant cause of death for elderly men (estimated by some specialists at 3%). Regular rectal exams, as well as measurement of Prostate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The prostate literally mean “one who stands before”, “protector”, “guardian” is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.

In 2002, female paraurethral glands, or Skene’s glands, were officially renamed the female prostate by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

The prostate differs considerably among species anatomically, chemically, and physiologically.

Function

The function of the prostate is to store and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 20-30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid. The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm. The alkalinization of semen is primarily accomplished through secretion from the seminal vesicles.^[6] The prostatic fluid is expelled in the first ejaculate fractions, together with most of the spermatozoa. In comparison with the few spermatozoa expelled together with mainly seminal vesicular fluid, those expelled in prostatic fluid have better motility, longer survival and better protection of the genetic material (DNA).

The prostate also contains some smooth muscles that help expel semen during ejaculation.

Secretions

Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline.

In human prostatic secretions, the protein content is less than 1% and includes proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid phosphatase, and prostate-specific antigen. The secretions also contain zinc with a concentration 500-1,000 times the concentration in blood.

Regulation

To work properly, the prostate needs male hormones (androgens), which are responsible for male sex characteristics.

The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. Some male hormones are produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands. However, it is dihydrotestosterone that regulates the prostate.

Development

The prostatic part of the urethra develops from the pelvic (middle) part of the urogenital sinus (endodermal origin). Endodermal outgrowths arise from the prostatic part of the urethra and grow into the surrounding mesenchyme. The glandular epithelium of the prostate differentiates from these endodermal cells, and the associated mesenchyme differentiates into the dense stroma and the smooth muscle of the prostate. The prostate glands represent the modified wall of the proximal portion of the male urethra and arises by the 9th week of embryonic life in the development of the reproductive system. Condensation of mesenchyme, urethra and Wolffian ducts gives rise to the adult prostate gland, a composite organ made up of several glandular and non-glandular components tightly fused within a common capsule.

Female prostate gland

The Skene’s gland, also known as the paraurethral gland, found in females, is homologous to the prostate gland in males. However, evolutionarily, the uterus is in the same position as the prostate gland. In 2002 the Skene’s gland was officially renamed the prostate by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

The female prostate, like the male prostate, secretes PSA and levels of this antigen rise in the presence of carcinoma of the gland. The gland also expels fluid, like the male prostate, during orgasm.

Structure

Micrograph of benign prostatic glands with corpora amylacea. H&E stain.

Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by Medical ultrasonography technique

A healthy human prostate is classically said to be slightly larger than a walnut. In actuality, it is approximately the size of a kiwifruit. The mean weight of the “normal” prostate in adult males is about 11 grams, usually ranging between 7 and 16 grams. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder and can be felt during a rectal exam. It is the only exocrine organ located in the midline in humans and similar animals.

The ducts are lined with transitional epithelium.

Within the prostate, the urethra coming from the bladder is called the prostatic urethra and merges with the two ejaculatory ducts. The prostate is sheathed in the muscles of the pelvic floor, which contract during the ejaculatory process.

The prostate can be divided in two ways: by zone, or by lobe.

Zones

The “zone” classification is more often used in pathology. The idea of “zones” was first proposed by McNeal in 1968. McNeal found that the relatively homogeneous cut surface of an adult prostate in no way resembled “lobes” and thus led to the description of “zones.”

The prostate gland has four distinct glandular regions, two of which arise from different segments of the prostatic urethra:

Prostate with a large median lobe bulging upwards. A metal instrument is placed in the urethra which passes through the prostate. This specimen was almost 7 centimeters long with a volume of about 60 cubic centimetres on transrectal ultrasound and was removed during a Hryntschak procedure or transvesical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate through the bladder) for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The “lobe” classification is more often used in anatomy.

Prostatitis

Micrograph showing an inflamed prostate gland, the histologic correlate of prostatitis. A normal non-inflamed prostatic gland is seen on the left of the image. H&E stain.

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. There are primarily four different forms of prostatitis, each with different causes and outcomes. Two relatively uncommon forms, acute prostatitis and chronic bacterial prostatitis, are treated with antibiotics (category I and II, respectively). Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis or male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category III), which comprises about 95% of prostatitis diagnoses, is treated by a large variety of modalities including alpha blockers, phytotherapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, antihistamines, anxiolytics, nerve modulators, surgery, and more. More recently, a combination of trigger point and psychological therapy has proved effective for category III prostatitis as well. Category IV prostatitis, relatively uncommon in the general population, is a type of leukocytosis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in older men; the prostate often enlarges to the point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to urinate often (frequency) or taking a while to get started (hesitancy). If the prostate grows too large, it may constrict the urethra and impede the flow of urine, making urination difficult and painful and, in extreme cases, completely impossible.

BPH can be treated with medication, a minimally invasive procedure or, in extreme cases, surgery that removes the prostate. Minimally invasive procedures include Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) and Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT). These outpatient procedures may be followed by the insertion of a temporary Prostatic stent, to allow normal voluntary urination, without exacerbating irritative symptoms.

The surgery most often used in such cases is called transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP or TUR). In TURP, an instrument is inserted through the urethra to remove prostate tissue that is pressing against the upper part of the urethra and restricting the flow of urine. TURP results in the removal of mostly transitional zone tissue in a patient with BPH. Older men often have corpora amylacea (amyloid), dense accumulations of calcified proteinaceous material, in the ducts of their prostates. The corpora amylacea may obstruct the lumens of the prostatic ducts, and may underlie some cases of BPH.

Urinary frequency due to bladder spasm, common in older men, may be confused with prostatic hyperplasia. Statistical observations suggest that a diet low in fat and red meat and high in protein and vegetables, as well as regular alcohol consumption, could protect against BPH.

Prostate cancer

Micrograph showing normal prostatic glands and glands of prostate cancer (prostate adenocarcinoma) – right upper aspect of image. HPS stain. Prostate biopsy.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting older men in developed countries and a significant cause of death for elderly men (estimated by some specialists at 3%). Regular rectal exams, as well as measurement of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) are recommended for men, usually ages 40 and up to detect prostate cancer early.

In a paper published in the 1 March 2011 issue of the journal Clinical Cancer Research, researchers from the University of Surrey reported that prostate cancers secrete the protein Engrailed-2 (EN2). EN2 can be found in a urine test. A EN2 stick test (like a pregnancy test) was expected to give results within five minutes. The test is more accurate, less invasive, and gives far fewer false positives than PSA test.

Male sexual response

During male orgasm, sperm is transmitted from the ductus deferens into the male urethra via the ejaculatory ducts, which lie within the prostate gland.

It is possible for men to achieve orgasm solely through stimulation of the prostate gland, such as prostate massage or receptive anal intercourse.

Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer

In 1993, the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed a connection between vasectomy and an increased risk of prostate cancer. Reported studies of 48,000 and 29,000 men who had vasectomies showed 66 percent and 56 percent higher rates of prostate cancer, respectively. The risk increased with age and the number of years since the vasectomy was performed.

However, in March of the same year, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development held a conference cosponsored by the National Cancer Institute and others to review the available data and information on the link between prostate cancer and vasectomies. It was determined that an association between the two was very weak at best, and even if having a vasectomy increased one’s risk, the risk was relatively small.

In 1997, the NCI held a conference with the prostate cancer Progressive Review Group (a committee of scientists, medical personnel, and others). Their final report, published in 1998 stated that evidence that vasectomies help to develop prostate cancer was weak at best.

Stenting the prostate

Recent scientific breakthroughs have now meant using a Prostatic stent is a viable method of dis-obstructing the prostate. Stents are devices inserted into the urethra to widen it and keep it open. Stents can be temporary or permanent, and insertion is mostly done on an outpatient basis under local or spinal anesthesia and usually takes about 30 minutes.

Specific Antigen (PSA) are recommended for men, usually ages 40 and up to detect prostate cancer early.

In a paper published in the 1 March 2011 issue of the journal Clinical Cancer Research, researchers from the University of Surrey reported that prostate cancers secrete the protein Engrailed-2 (EN2). EN2 can be found in a urine test. A EN2 stick test (like a pregnancy test) was expected to give results within five minutes. The test is more accurate, less invasive, and gives far fewer false positives than PSA test.

Male sexual response

During male orgasm, sperm is transmitted from the ductus deferens into the male urethra via the ejaculatory ducts, which lie within the prostate gland.

It is possible for men to achieve orgasm solely through stimulation of the prostate gland, such as prostate massage or receptive anal intercourse.

Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer

In 1993, the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed a connection between vasectomy and an increased risk of prostate cancer. Reported studies of 48,000 and 29,000 men who had vasectomies showed 66 percent and 56 percent higher rates of prostate cancer, respectively. The risk increased with age and the number of years since the vasectomy was performed.

However, in March of the same year, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development held a conference cosponsored by the National Cancer Institute and others to review the available data and information on the link between prostate cancer and vasectomies. It was determined that an association between the two was very weak at best, and even if having a vasectomy increased one’s risk, the risk was relatively small.

In 1997, the NCI held a conference with the prostate cancer Progressive Review Group (a committee of scientists, medical personnel, and others). Their final report, published in 1998 stated that evidence that vasectomies help to develop prostate cancer was weak at best.

Stenting the prostate

Recent scientific breakthroughs have now meant using a Prostatic stent is a viable method of dis-obstructing the prostate. Stents are devices inserted into the urethra to widen it and keep it open. Stents can be temporary or permanent, and insertion is mostly done on an outpatient basis under local or spinal anesthesia and usually takes about 30 minutes.

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What is vaginitis?
Vaginitis is a term for any infection or inflammation of the vagina.
What are the symptoms of vaginitis?
In general, vaginitis may cause itching, irritation, or abnormal vaginal discharge.

There are a several different kinds of vaginitis, each with their own causes and symptoms:

Candida or “yeast” infections – Yeast infections of the vagina are probably the most familiar form of vaginitis. They occur when too much of the fungus Candida grows in the vagina.

Yeast infections produce a thick, white discharge from the vagina that can look like cottage cheese. The discharge can be watery and often has no smell. Yeast infections usually cause the vagina and vulva (the area outside the vagina) to become itchy and red.

Bacterial vaginosis – Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. It is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that are usually present in the vagina.

Bacterial vaginosis will often cause a thin, milky discharge from the vagina that may have a “fishy” odor. Many women with bacterial vaginosis have no symptoms and only discover they have it during a routine gynecologic exam.

Trichomoniasis – Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a single-cell parasite. It can cause vaginal itching, burning, and soreness of the vagina and vulva, as well as burning during urination. Many women with trichomoniasis do not develop any symptoms.

Non-infectious vaginitis – This form of vaginitis is usually caused by an allergic reaction or irritation from vaginal sprays, douches, spermicidal products, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. It can cause burning, itching, or vaginal discharge even if there is no infection.

What are the treatments for vaginitis?

The key to treating vaginitis is knowing which kind you have. The treatment must be specific to the type of vaginitis present.

Yeast infections are usually treated with an anti-yeast cream or suppository placed inside the vagina. A health care provider can write a prescription for most yeast infection treatments.

Although you can also buy medicine to treat yeast infections over-the-counter, it is a good idea to see a health care provider the first time you have symptoms of a yeast infection. Because this medicine will not cure other types of vaginitis, it is important to be sure you actually have a yeast infection before using these treatments.

Bacterial vaginosis is treated with an antibiotic that gets rid of the “bad” bacteria and leaves the “good” bacteria. There is no over-the-counter treatment for bacterial vaginosis, so it is important to see your health care provider for a prescription.

Sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis need to be treated by a health care provider right away. It is important to avoid sexual contact until you have been treated to prevent spreading the infection. A woman’s sexual partner(s) will need treatment as well.

Trichomoniasis and Chlamydia are both treated by antibiotics. Neither genital herpes nor HPV can be cured, but both can be controlled with the help of your health care provider and medications.

Non-infectious vaginitis can be treated by stopping the use of the product that caused the allergic reaction or irritation. Your health care provider may also be able to provide medicated cream to help reduce the symptoms until the reaction goes away.

It is important to remember that each type of vaginitis has a different treatment. Therefore it is very important to see a health care provider to be sure you are using the right treatment for your condition. Also, some kinds of vaginitis have no symptoms so it is important to have regular gynecologic exams.

Can I prevent vaginitis?

There are some things you can do to lower your chances of getting vaginitis.

If you often get yeast infections, you may want to avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture, such as panty hose without a cotton lining, nylon panties, or tight jeans.

Avoid douches and vaginal sprays because they can kill “good” bacteria or cause irritation.

Practicing safe sex can help protect against sexually transmitted forms of vaginitis.

Sepsis or Septicemia

Candida is Fungus

Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs, particularly in immunocompromised patients, affect over 90,000 people a year in the U.S., with a 40-50% mortality.

The DNA of several Candida species have been sequenced.

Antibiotics promote yeast infections, including gastrointestinal candida overgrowth, and penetration of the GI mucosa.

Some practitioners of alternative medicine claim that Candida overgrowth can cause many health problems, including fatigue to weight gain, but traditional doctors reject this.

Candida antarctica is a source of industrially important lipases.

Laboratory characteristics

Grown in the laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans is from Latin meaning ‘whitish’) colonies with a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.^[9] C. albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which help to distinguish it from other Candida species.^[10]

Clinical characteristics

Candida are almost universal on normal adult skin and albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts which cause no disease.

But overgrowth of several species including albicans can cause superficial infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal Candidiasis). Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture wearers. In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications (commonly over-the-counter treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously, candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscess, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs. Large intravenous injections into mice or rabbits result in widespread abscesses in the kidney or elsewhere and death in less than a week.

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by C. albicans after antibiotic therapy usually causes no symptoms and may also result from taking antacids or antihyperacidity drugs.

Species

Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata, which could be because it is frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole antifungals. Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis.

Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit.

Alternative medicine therapies

Many practitioners of alternative medicine use the term Candida to refer to a complex with broad spectrum of symptoms, the majority of which center around gastrointestinal distress, rashes, sore gums and other miscellaneous symptoms. Candida is accorded responsibility for symptoms as specific as hay fever, as vague as “brain fog” and as common as weight gain or flatulence. These symptoms are attributed by some alternative medicine practitioners to the “overgrowth” of intestinal candida albicans, which they claim leads to the spread of the yeast to other parts of the body via the digestive tract and bloodstream.

Use of the term Candida in alternative medicine to describe this complex is unassociated with its use in clinical medicine to refer to the fungus that causes vaginal yeast infections and thrush. This can be confusing for patients. No studies have proved that having intestinal candidiasis causes any symptoms of illness.

To treat what they refer to as Candida, some alternative medicine practitioners have recommended avoiding antibiotics, birth control pills, and foods that are high in sugar or yeast, ostensibly to “eliminate excess yeast” in the body. However, there is little clinically valid evidence that these “candida cleanse” treatments treat intestinal candidiasis effectively, or cure any of the symptoms claimed by the proponents of the hypothesis.

The probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is undergoing much research as of late, demonstrating its ability to diminish levels of Candida in the body. This is hence one of the specific probiotic strains often recommended alongside a more general probiotic, for anyone on a Candida cleanse or Candida diet.

For best result of controling the candida spread: Avoid Sweets, Tomatoes, Any Mushrooms, Citrus and Pineapple.

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